Native American/First Nations History
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Black Hawk
Rather than spend the rest of his life as a hunted man, Black Hawk laid down his arms and embraced a life of peace.
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Last Stand of the British Band
Trapped along the banks of the Bad Axe River, Black Hawk made one last attempt to call a truce.
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Black Hawk Strikes
In the summer of 1832, Black Hawk struck out at settlers and military posts along the border of Illinois while the United States worked to counter his presence.
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The British Band and Stillman's Run
In the summer of 1832, Black Hawk once again returned to Illinois to build alliances with neutral tribes.
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Black Hawk and Keokuk
Though of the same nation, Keokuk and Black Hawk were on opposite sides of the debate on the topic of land cessions.
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Black Hawk's Emerging Power
Black Hawk began to speak out against Keokuk and his close relationship with the United States.
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Prelude to War
While Black Hawk fought, Keokuk negotiated--the result was a rift between the Sauk and Fox.
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The Rise of Black Hawk
Striking with a small band of warriors, the Sauk war chief raged against the American presence in his homeland.
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Resisting Relocation
The Sauk and Fox forged a union to provide mutual security. Together they resisted the American advance.
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Westward Migration of Native Tribes
After the relocation of the Choctaw Nation, the United States steeped up its efforts to remove native tribes and resettle them in Indian Territory.
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Choctaw Relocation
Between 1831 and 1833, the Choctaw Nation was moved into Oklahoma under the supervision of armed American soldiers.
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The First Removal
In September of 1830, the Choctaw Nation ceded 11 million acres of land to the American government in a controversial treaty.
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Andrew Jackson and Indian Relocation
In the late spring of 1830, two opposing viewpoints clashed over the future of America's policy towards Indian tribes.
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Indian Removal Act
In 1830, Andrew Jackson rammed a law through Congress that would open the door for the removal of Indian nations to the western expanse.
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Removal and Relocation
Working hand in hand with assimilation, removal became a key component of America's policy towards Indian tribes.
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Roots of Assimilation
From the Colonial Period, white settlers have made efforts to cultivate Indian tribes--a policy known as assimilation.
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Assimilation of American Native Communities
Under the Office of Indian Affairs, the old policy of assimilation was renewed.
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Office of Indian Affairs
With the end of the factory system, the Office of Indian Affairs took over the direction of American policy towards Indian tribes.
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Office of Indian Trade
The Factory System was created through the Trade and Intercourse Acts, but the Office of Indian Trade created a national directorate for these posts.
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Trade and Intercourse
Between 1796 and 1802, the United States government refined its trade policy.
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Funding Trade
While the federal government set up a series of rules governing trade with Indian nations, they did not provide for the mechanisms of that trade.
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Revisions to the Intercourse Act
Under the leadership of President George Washington, the United States reaffirmed its policy of fair trade with Indian tribes in 1793.
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Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790
The first Trade and Intercourse Act, passed in 1790, outlined the rules governing economic relationships between the United States and Indian tribes.
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Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was an effort to curtail white settlement on Indian lands and establish a set of rules for future expansion.
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Negotiations With Indian Tribes
This is a brief history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Indian nations.
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